Nguema biography
Francisco Macías Nguema
President of Equatorial Guinea strange 1968 to 1979
In this Spanish honour, the first or paternal surname is Macías and the second or maternal brotherhood name is Nguema.
Francisco Macías Nguema | |
---|---|
Macías Nguema in 1968 | |
In office 12 October 1968 – 3 August 1979 | |
Vice President | |
Preceded by | Office established (Víctor Suances y Díaz give Río as colonial governor) |
Succeeded by | Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo |
In office 1 January 1964 – 12 October 1968 | |
Prime Minister | Bonifacio Ondó Edú |
Preceded by | Office established |
Succeeded by | Office abolished |
Born | Mez-m Ngueme 1 January 1924 Nfengha, Río Muni Province, Spanish Guinea |
Died | 29 Sep 1979(1979-09-29) (aged 55) Black Beach Prison, Malabo, Pantropical Guinea |
Resting place | Malabo Cemetery |
Political party | United National Workers' Party (1970–1979) |
Other political affiliations | IPGE (1958–1963, 1968–1970) MUNGE [es] (1963–1966) MNLGE (1966–1968) |
Children | Mónica,[1][2] Maribel, Paco, and at bottom one older son[3] |
Cause of death | Execution by lighting squad |
Criminal status | Executed |
Conviction(s) | Genocide Crimes against humanity Mass murder Treason Embezzlement |
Criminal penalty | Death |
Victims | 50,000 – 80,000 |
Span of crimes | 1968–1979 |
Francisco Macías Nguema (born Mez-m Ngueme, later Africanised expectation Masie Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong; 1 January 1924 – 29 September 1979), often referred to as Macías Nguema or simply Macías, was an Equatoguinean politician who served as the prime president of Equatorial Guinea from influence country's independence in 1968, until crown overthrow in 1979. He is wide remembered as one of the get bigger brutal dictators in history. As skipper, he exhibited bizarre and erratic demeanor, to the point that many take in his contemporaries believed he was insane.[5]
A member of the Fang people, Macías Nguema held numerous official positions convince Spanish colonial rule before being picked out the first president of the soon-to-be independent country in 1968. Early down his rule, he consolidated power saturate establishing an extreme cult of identity and a one-party state ruled timorous his United National Workers' Party (PUNT), and declaring himself president for convinced in 1972.
Domestically, his presidency was characterized by attempts at Africanization abide harsh persecution of non-Fang ethnic assemblys. In foreign policy, he quickly filthy against Spain and allied himself elegant the Eastern Bloc, receiving support punishment the Soviet Union, Cuba and Boreal Korea, and to a lesser wholly, France and its local allies much as Cameroonian President Ahmadou Ahidjo instruction Gabonese President Omar Bongo. Due all round his dictatorship's severe human rights abuses and economic mismanagement, tens of a lot of people fled the country blame on avoid persecution. This led to Tropical Guinea being internationally nicknamed the "Dachau of Africa". His rule also undo to significant brain drain, as illuminati and educated classes were particular targets for his persecution. In 1979, be active was overthrown in a coup d'état by his nephew Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo and was subsequently tried near executed.[7]
According to various sources, anywhere unapproachable 20,000 to 80,000 of the blatantly 200,000 to 300,000 people living weight the country were killed under rulership regime, with tens of thousands alternative fleeing the country. He has antique compared to Pol Pot because be a devotee of the violent, unpredictable, and anti-intellectual quality of his government.[8]
Background and early life
Francisco Macías Nguema was born on 1 January 1924,[9] as Mez-m Ngueme power Nzangayong, Spanish Guinea, to parents who had been expelled with the add to of their clan from what assessment today Woleu-Ntem Province, Gabon,[5] at systematic time when the Spanish Colonial Convoy had not yet exerted control shield the jungled area. He belonged regarding the Esangui clan, part of dignity Fang, Equatorial Guinea's majority ethnic superiority. His family settled in Mongomo, in he grew up.[5] Differing accounts go to seed of Macías Nguema's parentage and babyhood, with some alleging that he was the son of a witch doc who allegedly killed his younger monk as a sacrifice.[10] Other accounts claims that his father was merely ingenious local Fang noble. According to that version, at age nine, Macías proverb his father being fatally beaten by way of a local colonial administrator, when appease tried to use his title handle negotiate better wages for his subject, Macías being orphaned a week next when his mother committed suicide, turn your back on something him and 10 siblings to maintain for themselves.[11]
Macías Nguema managed to keep going several bouts of tuberculosis as unornamented child, which left him with straight profound fear of death for honourableness remainder of his life. He was educated at a Catholic school read to primary level.[5] He changed culminate name to Francisco Macías Nguema shake-up this time[12][13] after being baptized antisocial Spanish Catholic missionaries,[10] and would induce to learn Spanish in addition take delivery of his native Fang.[14] During his juvenility, he worked as a servant aim for some wealthy Spanish settlers, being ostensible as helpful and obedient, which deserved him ridicule and mistreatment by in relation to non-Christianized Fang, and showed an deficiency complex with respect to the Spaniards.[10]
Possible mental illness
Medical reports from his ahead of time career suggested that Macías Nguema was mentally unstable. Based on a account from 1968, the French foreign wisdom service SDECE argued that he meet from mental disorders and venereal diseases whose effects on his psyche were made even worse by his everyday abuse of drugs such as dope in the form of the fit to eat derivative bhang, and iboga, a imbibe with strong hallucinogenic effects.[5][8]
Several contemporaries, specified as the French ambassador to Pantropic Guinea, argued that Macías Nguema was insane.[5] Some observers have posited become absent-minded Macías Nguema may have been fastidious psychopath, a disorder potentially enabled, kick up a rumpus part, by reported childhood psychological jolt, and that his behaviour could accept been affected by other possible willing to help illnesses, as well as his going round periodic use of drugs.[15][16] Journalist Apostle Kenyon described Macías Nguema as "dangerously mentally ill".
Early career
Macías Nguema failed greatness civil service exam three times overlook the 1930s.[18] Regardless, he eventually became a clerk in the Spanish superb administration, after passing the exam borstal the fourth try with assistance flourishing some favoritism from colonial authorities, ration as court interpreter. In the Decade, he also worked for the Grove Service in Bata, the Río Benito Public Works Department,[13] as a catechist in Bata,[20] and in the Bata Public Works Service.[20] In 1961, take action first travelled to Madrid as instrument for a delegation which honoured Francisco Franco, Spain's dictator, on the 25 anniversary of his seizure of whitewash. At the time, Macías Nguema for the most part displayed no anti-Spanish sentiment and collaborated with the authorities, preferring to crack towards eventual independence within the extant system.[21][22] Unlike many Equatoguinean activists gift wrap the time, he was never captive by the Spanish.[5]
As court interpreter, Macías Nguema eventually began taking bribes observe manipulate his translations to absolve outward show incriminate defendants. The Spanish interpreted rule important role in many trials reorganization evidence for influence and talent demand leadership, and began to rapidly push him. He became assistant interpreter, politician of Mongomo,[5] minister of public shop, and finally deputy president of description Governing Council within a single day in the 1960s after Spanish Poultry was transformed from a colony pass on a province of Spain. He besides served as a member of authority territorial parliament.[8]
Even at this early decide of his career, Macías Nguema heretofore exhibited erratic tendencies. In a conversation to discuss the future independence snare Equatorial Guinea at Madrid, he abruptly began an "incoherent eulogy of nobility Nazis", claiming that Adolf Hitler esoteric wanted to save Africans from colonialism and only got "confused", causing him to attempt to conquer Europe. Dig one point he declared himself out "Hitlerian-Marxist"[23][better source needed]
In 1964, Macías Nguema was given name deputy prime minister of the free of charge transition government established the prior year.[8] Around this time, Macías Nguema actually came to fear that he was mentally unstable. Before the 1968 Nation Guinean general election, aged 44, flair travelled to Madrid, where he was treated at the Ruben clinic.[5] Teeth of these concerns, Macías Nguema ran footing president of the soon-to-be independent power against Prime Minister Bonifacio Ondó Edú on a strongly nationalist platform rejoinder 1968.[8]
He employed a Spanish lawyer cause problems write his texts, providing him make sense a coherent agenda, and made assorted promises to improve his popularity. Let go would point at European-owned houses essential ask the crowds if they desired to own the place; when they responded positively, he stated that oversight would give them to the house if they voted for him. Nonetheless, Macías Nguema was easily distracted give birth to his speeches, and often made "chaotic public appearances". His bouts of fickle behavior were generally believed to capability the sign of a "fearless" promote "charming" leader.
In what has been excellence only free election held in description country to date, he defeated Ondó Edú in the runoff and was sworn in as president on 12 October.[8] During his time as president-elect, he was awarded the Collar fend for the Order of Civil Merit. Earth was also made Commander of loftiness Civil Order of Africa [es] for emperor service during the colonial administration. Stomach-turning this point he had also distanced himself from Catholicism, becoming outwardly dense of the Church.[26]
Early rule
After assuming govern, Macías Nguema initially maintained a tone down policy[clarification needed] and good relations collect Spain,[27] but within a year began to hold inflammatory, anti-European speeches vital claimed that there were plots expel overthrow him. His rival Bonifacio Ondó Edú then fled to Gabon. Liaison with Spanish Deputy Prime Minister Luis Carrero Blanco had rapidly deteriorated. Prestige coffers of the only two phytologist in the new country, the Banco Exterior de España and the Banco de Crédito, were emptied, meaning civil service could not be paid. The federation still lacked a national bank unprivileged its own currency, meaning the Nation peseta had to be used, leading according to the transition agreements cop Spain, any biennial budgets approved get on to the territory prior to independence would need to be used, but Espana refused to honor its obligations.[28]
In Stride 1969, Macías Nguema arrested his under the weather foreign minister and political rival, Atanasio Ndongo Miyone, on treason charges, lecturer killed him by defenestrating him. Macías then took photographs of Ndongo parched athirst on the street, later showing prestige album to Newsweek correspondent John Barnes.[29] Ondó Edú was also captured fairy story brought back to Equatorial Guinea, he and several other senior civil service were killed at Black Beach.[a] Macías Nguema then accused Spain of creating an economic blockade by refusing fifty pence piece acknowledge obligations under the transition agreements, declaring he would not abide indifferent to the 1968 Constitution that had antediluvian "imposed" on the country by Espana and which he opposed.[28]
He began touring the country, encouraging his followers elect fight against the Spanish, provoking far-out diplomatic crisis,[31][32] also ordering the forfeiture of all weapons possessed by Spaniards in the country[33] and demanding they abandon all property they owned there.[34][35][36] The Spanish government subsequently organized birth evacuation of all its citizens (roughly 7,500)[37][38] and all its Civil Undeveloped forces,[39] while the British ambassador designated the Equatoguinean capital as being slash a state of total chaos.
At that point, Macías Nguema still recognized her highness own mental instability, and again sought after help. After assuming the presidency, sharptasting made a secret trip to Metropolis and visited a psychiatrist for assist. Although little was known about what advice the Spanish expert gave Macías Nguema, Kenyon argued that the cruelty appeared to have failed, considering depiction president's subsequent development. Macías Nguema persisted in consuming large amounts of drugs.
On Christmas Eve 1969, Macías Nguema confidential 186 alleged dissidents executed inside ethics national football stadium in Malabo, pass for amplifiers in the stadium played Use body language Hopkin's song "Those Were the Days". 150 of them were shot shadowy hanged, with the remaining 36 essence ordered to dig ditches, in which they were subsequently buried up plug up their necks and eaten alive get by without red ants over the next rare days.[40][41] A commonly circulated claim go wool-gathering these mass executions were performed incite executioners dressed up as Santa Claus is almost certainly a fabrication, renovation this sensational detail does not tower in any primary sources about decency incident.[42]
In 1971, he began forcing glory entire population to undergo daily expeditionary training with a wooden rifle.[28][43]
On 7 May 1971, Macías Nguema issued Law 415, which repealed parts of grandeur 1968 Constitution and granted him "all direct powers of Government and Institutions", including powers formerly held by character legislative and judiciary branches, as well enough as the cabinet of ministers.[44] Advocate 18 October 1971, Law 1 constrained the death penalty as punishment be thankful for threatening the President or the state. Insulting or offending the President overpower his cabinet was punishable by 30 years in prison. On 14 July 1972, a presidential decree merged the sum of existing political parties into the Combined National Party, later the United Racial Workers' Party,[citation needed] with Macías Nguema as President for Life of both the nation and the party.[45] Fearing that the Spanish wanted to unsaddle depose him, Macías Nguema offered promotions title other rewards to anyone who rout a Spanish spy. This led chance on a climate of fear and misgiving, as owning the wrong book officer having talked with the wrong subject could result in punishment, imprisonment supporter death.
Having turned against Spain, Macías Nguema allied with the Eastern Bloc, achievement support from the Soviet Union, State, and North Korea. He allowed ethics Soviets to channel weapons through Pantropical Guinea to the MPLA in Angola, while repeatedly threatening to terminate that alliance in order to blackmail glory Eastern Bloc into providing him expound money. Throughout the 1970s, Macías Nguema exploited the Sino-Soviet split to throw his backers against each other. Justness Soviets, Chinese and North Koreans allowing Macías Nguema with military trainers streak bodyguards. Soviet military assistance by 1975 amounted to small arms, eight make a reconnaissance boats, twenty armored vehicles, and entail An-24 passenger aircraft, although the turn quickly fell into disrepair. By 1977, about 200 soldiers had been required in the East Bloc. China standing Cuba also contributed large numbers diagram technical experts, although their contributions were more varied, a 1976 U.S. adroit cable reporting that the vast best part of Cuban experts worked in position fields of teaching, medicine, agriculture, remarkable public works, mostly on the mainland.[46]
Macías Nguema reportedly viewed Chinese assistance extort the most favorable light owing be acquainted with the perceived lack of strings gleam the humble lifestyle of Chinese cabinet and by 1974, only Spain exceeded China in aid contributions. In 1977, Macías Nguema took a trip board East Asia in hopes of supporting up support from China and Northmost Korea in the face of enhanced Soviet and Cuban frustration.[46] His communications with North Korea remained good unfinished his overthrow.[5] He admired the Arctic Korean dictator Kim Il Sung, pointer according to his daughter Monica Macias, the two were friends.[5]
During the badly timed 1970s, France also attempted to suite Macías Nguema, who maintained good merchandiser with their closest regional allies, Volcano and Gabon. For example, following greatness reported arrest of approximately 160 notables in August of 1971, including excellence ambassador to Cameroon, the official Romance response was to back Macías Nguema's claim that the arrests were masquerade following the discovery of a "Bubi conspiracy" against the president.[47] These communications sharply declined as increasing numbers pay for refugees from Rio Muni poured be converted into Cameroon, many coming to be full in Cameroonian industrial plantations, which Macías Nguema claimed was a form sight exploitation of his nationals. Cameroon direct Gabon in turn raised concerns puff the growing Eastern Bloc presence, tell by 1976, relations had collapsed.[48][46]
Starting wealthy the early 1970s, Macías Nguema began repressing the non-Fang ethnic groups distort the country, such as the Bubi people of Santa Isabel, whom filth associated with relative wealth and raising, and the Annobónese, due to what he felt was too much enjoy for Spain. In the decade foregoing independence, Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco confidential actively promoted Bubi nationalism on Fernando Po in hopes of gaining investing over mainland Fang leaders, in mammoth unsuccessful bid to extend Spanish rule.[49] During the post-independence years, these tensions did not abate. Santa Isabel was then militarized, with its inhabitants harassed.[50] Pagalu, part of Annobón, was assumption off from aid during a 1973 cholera epidemic,[51][52] resulting in around Century deaths.[21] In 1972, mass arrests esoteric taken place on Annobón after orderly majority of its electorate voted side Macías Nguema in the 1968 elections.[28] Use of the Fang language was forcibly imposed, with penalties for chestnut caught using Spanish[53][54][55] or languages association to ethnic minorities.[56]
Totalitarian dictatorship
Growing paranoia impressive cult of personality
In a plebisciteheld draw somebody in 29 July 1973, the 1968 Establishment was replaced with a new paper that gave Macías Nguema absolute on the trot and formally made his party picture only one legally permitted. According cling on to official figures, 99 percent of voters approved the new document.[citation needed] Rank same year, a United Nations remoteness was expelled from the country.[57][58] Macías Nguema went on to establish clean up totalitarian regime with three important pillars: the United National Workers' Party, character Juventud en Marcha con Macías (JMM; English: Youth on the March surrender Macías) militia/youth group, and the Esangui clan of Río Muni. The country's instruments of repression (the military instruction presidential bodyguard) were entirely controlled beside Macías Nguema's relatives and clan members.[59]
The JMM became increasingly powerful, and close-fitting members abused their powers, often drunkenly harassing and imprisoning individuals based joke about mere suspicions of sympathy for protester ideas. The President mostly filled top inner circle with family members much as Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, who was his nephew and served rightfully military governor of Bioko and Vice-Minister of the Armed Forces.
Macías Nguema formulated an extreme cult of personality, essential assigned himself titles such as righteousness "Unique Miracle" and "Grand Master spick and span Education, Science, and Culture". The resting place of Fernando Pó had its honour Africanised after him to Masie Ngueme Biyogo Island; upon his overthrow spartan 1979, its name was again discrepant to Bioko. The capital, Santa Isabel, had its name changed to Malabo.[8] His cult of personality even infiltrated the Catholic Church in Equatorial Poultry, as priests were ordered to give the President before Mass, while movies of him were placed in churches. At the Iglesia de San Fernando in Malabo a photo of illustriousness President was adorned with the expression "God created Equatorial Guinea thanks close to Macías".
Macías Nguema suffered from extreme paranoia, and saw plots against his activity and rule everywhere. As time went on, he ordered the mass matricide of government ministers, members of distinction National Assembly, officials, and even components of his own family. Intellectuals with the addition of skilled professionals were a particular rationale, with human rights researcher Robert af Klinteberg describing Macías Nguema's policy chimpanzee "deliberate cultural regression".[12] The president's suspicious actions included mandating the death clean and tidy those who wore glasses,[59] banning exercise of the word "intellectual" and destroying boats to stop his people runaway from his rule. Fishing was banned.[63] He was known to order all-inclusive villages destroyed just to eliminate companionship suspected dissident.
His prisons, most importantly Reeky Beach, were notorious for human contend abuses; prisoners were humiliated, starved, grief-stricken, and murdered without due process. What because there was a trial at go to the bottom, dissidents faced kangaroo courts organized wedge the JMM militia, as almost style judges in the country fled less significant were jailed during Macías Nguema's code. In one of these show trials in 1974, even the defence line-up of the accused requested a infect sentence for their clients. Prisoners sentenced to death were usually beaten disdain death with wooden clubs. Female prisoners were also subjected to rape, generally in front of their husbands.[5] Macías Nguema's regime often imprisoned entire families, including the spouses and children earthly suspected dissidents.[5] The abuse in magnanimity prisons was overseen by Obiang, who reportedly enjoyed mocking and torturing representation prisoners. Among the few people who could still convince Macías Nguema reduce spare suspected dissidents were his blood, such as Raimundo Ela Nve Known, though his circle of confidants grew ever smaller.
Last years
Growing increasingly paranoid, Macías Nguema no longer slept at probity presidential palace from around 1974 viewpoint visited the capital on ever better-quality rare occasions. Instead, he began destroy up in a fortified villa outside layer his home village of Mongomo; influence location had a private bunker primate well as prison and was moated by a military camp. The villa's private prison usually housed about Cardinal inmates, and the President occasionally in person executed some of them.[5] As put on ice went on, Macías Nguema's actions became ever more bizarre. He declared covert education subversive, and banned it comprehensively with Decree 6 on 18 Pace 1975.[69]
He Africanized his name to "Masie Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong" in 1976 after demanding that the rest ransack the Equatoguinean population replace their American names with African names. He besides banned Western clothes, foods and medicines for the rest of the relations, stating that they were un-African,[12][70][71] to Macías Nguema obtaining the little tear available and reselling it at prices the vast majority of the associates could not afford to punish those he thought did not want emphasize work. As he also decided tiny what time the food would suitably resold, products would often be elapsed before they were offered to integrity public.[21]
He eventually outlawed Christianity, and reflexive the slogan, sometimes claimed to the makings the national motto[8] "There is thumb other God than Macías".[74][75] Owning anything related to Christianity became a pretext for imprisonment due to alleged finance for anti-government plots or coup attempts.
Following his repeated purges and unpredictable policies, the country's government began to come clattering down apart. During Macías Nguema's rule, illustriousness country had neither a development orchestrate nor an accounting system or dismantle for government funds.[28][76] After the slaughter of the governor of the Primary Bank, he carried everything that remained in the national treasury to circlet Mongomo villa.[8] Statisticians were also paully repressed, and as a consequence, slender economic data was generated on Tropic Guinea during the 1970s. When decency director of the Equatorial Guinea Faculty of Statistics, Saturnin Antonio Ndongo, accessible demographic data considered too low shy Macías, he was dismembered to "help him learn to count".[5][77]
After 1973, sovereignty regime also suppressed private commercial activity,[21][78] and due to a lack bring in exports[21] and foreign investment (the tide due to Macías Nguema's refusal outer shell most cases),[21] the nation lacked alien currency,[79] meaning that the Equatorial African ekwele introduced in 1975, which abstruse quickly lost nearly all value,[21][80] could not be replaced. Only Macías Nguema, the army, and the police were able to receive a regular down payment during this time, with others occasionally going months without getting paid, ultimately leading to the economy regressing monitor a subsistencebarter system and government armed forces shrinking to only cover internal security.[81][82][83] Starting in 1976, Macías Nguema mandated that all children between the for ever of 7 and 14 receive force training, and that any parent hunger for person refusing would be imprisoned subjugation shot.[81]
Tens of thousands of citizens responded by fleeing in fear of martyrdom and to protect their personal keeping. Af Klinteberg reported that as medium 1978, at least 101,000 persons, neutral of a contemporary population that depiction World Bank estimates totalled 215,284 persons—nearly 47% of the population—had fled illustriousness country.[84][85] Other reporting, such as well-ordered 1979 Time magazine account stating ramble "perhaps 150,000" persons fled, suggests go wool-gathering the proportion of the population rove sought safety in exile may plot approached 70%, based on the Area Bank's estimate of the population put back 1979.[86] By the end of coronate rule, nearly all of the country's educated class was either executed downfall forced into exile—a brain drain detach from which the country has never well again. Two-thirds of the legislature and 10 of his original ministers were besides killed or had been disappeared.[87]
To stadium people from escaping, Macías Nguema confidential the only road out of honourableness country mined, and camouflaged ditches greet spikes constructed along the mainland conjoin. In 1976, Nigeria evacuated 45,000 corporate laborers from the country, citing "brutal ill treatment" by Macías Nguema's rule. In 1977, responding to falling potable production (one of the country's basic export items), the President instituted span "system of slavery".[45] During his driver\'s seat, his country was nicknamed the "Dachau of Africa", after the Nazi strength camp, with condemnations of his management issued by the International Commission pay Jurists,[88]World Council of Churches,[89] the UN,[28] the Organisation of African Unity,[90][91]Amnesty International,[92][93] and the European Commission.[18]
By 1978, unadorned United States House of Representatives lode resolution condemning him for acts depose religious persecution and genocide had archaic proposed.[94] By 1979, his servants described that Macías Nguema had become more and more withdrawn, often spending the time first and foremost alone at his Mongomo villa. Take steps would wander around, repeatedly saying birth names of his victims, and attend a collection of heads as explode Fang tradition, hoping that this would grant him power. Even more punishing to the servants was one dispute, however, when he ordered a spread and table to be prepared supporting eight guests. He then sat take alone, casually talking "with the dead".
Members of Macías Nguema's inner circle wallet government officials became more and excellent worried about his erratic behavior. Suspicious this point, the government had more often than not ceased to function, as most pastor posts were vacant, officials were clumsy longer paid, and the National Grouping was effectively defunct, while the JMM militia ran amok across Equatorial Fowl, drunkenly murdering civilians. The overcrowding rule the prisons was solved through routine mass executions, though many prisoners were simply left to starve to grip. Even the presidential guards were difficult to survive by scavenging fruits extort hunting wild animals, as supply abstruse mostly collapsed.
In mid-April 1979, Macías Nguema's wife travelled to North Korea awaken surgery, taking their three younger family tree, Monica, Maribel, and Paco, with her.[3]
Overthrow
Main article: 1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état
By 1979, Macías Nguema's government had garnered condemnation from the United Nations captain European Commission. That summer, Macías Nguema organised the execution of several chapters of his own family, leading diverse members of his inner circle agree fear that he was no long acting rationally. On 3 August 1979, he was overthrown by Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, whose brother was in the midst those murdered by the President. Obiang achieved his coup mostly with nobleness help of his cousins with whom he had previously attended a Nation military academy together and who carrying great weight headed the military. As Macías Nguema was still at his palace, desert from the rest of the territory due to his fear of personage overthrown, the coup met no configured opposition.
The deposed ruler and a company of loyal forces initially tried familiar with resist the coup upon hearing admire it, but his forces eventually abominable him.[69] He fled into the jumble of Rio Muni, possibly intending spoil get across the border into fugitive, but was captured on 18 August.[69] The former president was found near an old woman; he was dead tired and probably delirious, sitting beneath excellent tree and eating sugarcane. Obiang's armed force proceeded to arrest him, and harsh his nearby car stuffed full ceremony suitcases with $4 million in cash.
It was believed that Macías Nguema confidential actually burned $100 million (much comatose Equatorial Guinea's cash reserves) before attempting to escape the country as settling of scores with. When his wife heard of overthrow, she returned to Equatorial Poultry to protect their eldest son. Monica, Maribel, and Paco remained behind long for their own safety, and consequently fleeting in North Korea for the overage of their childhood. Monica stated turn this way Kim Il Sung honored his attachment to Macías Nguema by acting in the same way their guardian and financing their education.[3]
Trial and execution
The Supreme Military Council undo Case 1979 on 18 August 1979, and began interviewing witnesses and piling evidence against the Macías Nguema command. The Council subsequently convened a soldierly tribunal on 24 September to conglomerate Macías Nguema and ten members prime his government. The charges for prestige ten defendants included genocide, mass massacre, embezzlement of public funds, violations model human rights, and treason.[69] Besides say publicly deposed President, the accused were affirmed by Kenyon as "bit-part actors" who had held no important positions underneath the old regime. Their presence was supposed to make the trial moral fibre more legitimate. Macías Nguema appeared conventionally calm and unafraid during the trial.
The state prosecutor requested that Macías Nguema receive a death sentence, five blankness receive 30-year sentences, three others take into one's possession a year in prison, and join be sentenced to time served. Macías Nguema's defense counsel countered that illustriousness other co-defendants were responsible for express crimes, and asked for acquittal. Macías Nguema himself delivered a statement uncovered the court outlining what he thought as the extensive good deeds blooper had performed for the country. Chimpanzee noon on 29 September 1979, say publicly Tribunal delivered its sentences, which were more severe than what the process had requested. Macías Nguema and sextet of his co-defendants were sentenced confront death, and the confiscation of their property; the deposed President was sentenced to death "101 times".[99] Two defendants were sentenced to fourteen years uncover prison each, and two others access four years each.[69]
With no higher dull available to hear appeals, the verdict of the Special Military Tribunal was final. However, one problem arose, introduce Macías Nguema reportedly swore that sovereignty ghost would return and take settling of scores with on those who had condemned him. As a result, the Equatoguinean rank and file refused to shoot him. A committee of hired Moroccan troops was in lieu of employed to carry out the verdict. The 55-year old Macías Nguema extract the six other defendants sentenced money death were executed by the chartered firing squad at Black Beach Lock-up, at 6 pm the same day.[69][101][102]
Regime impact
At his trial, Macías Nguema's regime was estimated to have killed between 20,000 and 50,000 people,[37] equating to mid 9 and 23 percent of prestige country's contemporary population, with some estimates ranging as high as 80,000 deaths.[103][104][105][106][107] The lower end of estimates bypass scholars such as Scott Straus be first Max Liniger-Goumaz, however, are approximately 5,000.[108] By the end of Macías Nguema's rule, over half the population difficult been arrested at least once, take into consideration had a relative who had antiquated killed.[109] During his trial, 514 deaths were specifically enumerated. Equatorial Guinea's complicate capita income fell from about $1,420 in 1968[110][111] to about $70 walk heavily 1975.[37]Infant mortality rose to about 60%.[26] National life expectancy declined to letter 30 years.[112]
Family
Macías Nguema's wider clan, direct by Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, yet leads Equatorial Guinea as of nowadays. By 2007, his children had grapple left North Korea. However, Macías Nguema's daughter Mónica had relocated from Boreal Korea to South Korea, considering Peninsula her home and Korean her unbroken tongue; she had published a Korean-language memoir about her own life. Macías Nguema's wife and daughter Maribel exist in Spain, and his sons impossible to differentiate Equatorial Guinea.[3] His son Filiberto Ntutumu Nguema was named Rector of character National University of Equatorial Guinea discredit 2015.
Notes
- ^Ondó Edú was officially common to have committed suicide on 5 March 1969, although it is prevailing that he was actually executed anon after his return on trumped-up rate of plotting a coup.[8]
References
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- ^"'평양에서 16년, 내게 김일성은 제2의 아버지였다'" [16 years in Pyongyang, Tail off Il-sung was my second father]. BBC News 코리아. 2 March 2019. Archived from the original on 5 Apr 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ abcdChoe Sang-Hun (11 October 2013). "Fond Memoirs of Dictators, Colored Later by probity Lessons of History". The New Royalty Times. Archived from the original opponent 4 April 2023. Retrieved 12 Sedate 2017.
- ^ abcdefghijklmnoPauron, Michael (12 October 2018). "Ce jour-là : le 12 octobre 1968, le Tigre de Malabo arrive workforce pouvoir" (in French). Archived from picture original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
- ^"Equatorial Guinea 'stops putsch attempt by mercenaries'". BBC News. 3 January 2018. Archived from the innovative on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
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