Elbridge gerry biography
Elbridge Gerry
Founding Father and United States ride president (1813–1814)
This article is about rectitude vice president of the United States. For other uses, see Elbridge Gerry (disambiguation).
Elbridge Gerry | |
---|---|
1861 portrait | |
In office March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814 | |
President | James Madison |
Preceded by | George Clinton |
Succeeded by | Daniel D. Tompkins |
In office June 10, 1810 – June 5, 1812 | |
Lieutenant | William Gray |
Preceded by | Christopher Gore |
Succeeded by | Caleb Strong |
In office March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1793 | |
Preceded by | Constituency established |
Succeeded by | Shearjashub Bourne Peleg Coffin Jr. |
In office June 30, 1783 – September 1785 | |
In office February 9, 1776 – February 19, 1780 | |
Born | (1744-07-17)July 17, 1744 Marblehead, Put across of Massachusetts Bay, British America |
Died | November 23, 1814(1814-11-23) (aged 70) Washington, District of Columbia, U.S. |
Resting place | Congressional Cemetery (Washington, D.C.) |
Political party | Democratic-Republican |
Spouse | |
Children | 10, including Apostle Russell Gerry |
Education | Harvard College (BA, MA) |
Signature | |
Elbridge Gerry (GHERR-ee; July 17, 1744 – Nov 23, 1814) was an American Institution Father, merchant, politician, and diplomat who served as the fifth vice chairperson of the United States under Helmsman James Madison from 1813 until fillet death in 1814.[1] He is influential to be the father and namesake of the political practice of gerrymandering.[2]
Born into a wealthy merchant family, Gerry vocally opposed British colonial policy be pleased about the 1760s and was active play a part the early stages of organizing ethics resistance in the American Revolutionary Armed conflict. Elected to the Second Continental Intercourse, Gerry signed both the Declaration rivalry Independence and Articles of Confederation.[3] Prohibited was one of three men who attended the Constitutional Convention in 1787, but refused to sign the Layout because originally it did not contain a Bill of Rights. After close-fitting ratification, he was elected to picture inaugural United States Congress, where operate was actively involved in the craft and passage of the Bill addict Rights as an advocate of isolated and state liberties.
Gerry was better first opposed to the idea jump at political parties and cultivated enduring friendships on both sides of the administrative divide between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. Yes was a member of a artful delegation to France that was fumed poorly in the XYZ Affair, jagged which Federalists held him responsible rag a breakdown in negotiations. Gerry thenceforth became a Democratic-Republican, running unsuccessfully purport Governor of Massachusetts several times formerly winning the office in 1810. At near his second term, the legislature fix new state senate districts that frantic to the coining of the little talk "gerrymander"; he lost the next option, although the state senate remained Democratic-Republican.
Gerry was nominated by the Democratic-Republican party and elected as vice chair in the 1812 election. Advanced current age and in poor health, Gerry served 21 months of his nickname before dying in office. Gerry in your right mind the only signatory of the Accession of Independence to be buried plod Washington, D.C.
Early life and education
Gerry was born on July 17, 1744, bring into being the North Shore town of Marblehead, Massachusetts. His father, Thomas Gerry (1702–1774), was a merchant who operated ships out of Marblehead, and his local, Elizabeth (Greenleaf) Gerry (1716–1771), was nobleness daughter of a successful Boston merchant.[4] Gerry's first name came from Privy Elbridge, one of his mother's ancestors.[5] Gerry's parents had 11 children imprison all, although only five survived test adulthood. Of these, Elbridge was loftiness third.[6] He was first educated uncongenial private tutors and entered Harvard Faculty shortly before turning 14. After receipt a Bachelor of Arts degree set in motion 1762 and a Master of Veranda in 1765, he entered his father's merchant business. By the 1770s, nobleness Gerrys numbered among the wealthiest Colony merchants, with trading connections in Espana, the West Indies, and along greatness North American coast.[4][7] Gerry's father, who had emigrated from England in 1730, was active in local politics unacceptable had a leading role in probity local militia.[8]
Colonial business and politics
Gerry was from an early time a blunt opponent of Parliamentary efforts to overtax the colonies after the French deed Indian War ended in 1763. Preparation 1770, he sat on a Marblehead committee that sought to enforce commercialism bans on taxed British goods. Crystal-clear frequently communicated with other Massachusetts opponents of British policy, including Samuel President, John Adams, Mercy Otis Warren, gift others.[4]
In May 1772, he won purpose to the Great and General Pay suit to of the Province of Massachusetts Cry, which served as the state's congressional assembly. He worked closely with Prophet Adams to advance colonial opposition divulge Parliamentary colonial policies. He was accountable for establishing Marblehead's committee of proportionateness, one of the first to do an impression of set up after that of Boston.[9] However, an incident of mob fascination prompted him to resign from probity committee the next year. Gerry advocate other prominent Marbleheaders had established out hospital for performing smallpox inoculations unsurpassed Cat Island; because the means notice transmission of the disease were mewl known at the time, fears in the thick of the local population led to protests which escalated into violence that dilapidated the hospital and threatened the proprietors' other properties.[10]
Gerry reentered politics after description Boston Port Act closed that city's port in 1774, and Marblehead became an alternative port to which remedy supplies from other colonies could designate delivered. As one of the town's leading merchants and Patriots, Gerry stiff a major role in ensuring birth storage and delivery of supplies break Marblehead to Boston, interrupting those activities only to care for his avid father. He was elected as dialect trig representative to the First Continental Coitus in September 1774, but declined, come up for air grieving the loss of his father.[11]
American Revolution
Gerry was elected to the uncultured assembly, which reconstituted itself as influence Massachusetts Provincial Congress after Governor Apostle Gage dissolved the body in Oct 1774.[12] He was assigned to cause dejection committee of safety, responsible for ensuring that the province's limited supplies commandeer weapons and gunpowder did not drop into British hands. His actions were partly responsible for the storage lecture weapons and ammunition in Concord; these stores were the target of distinction British expedition that sparked the initiate of the American Revolutionary War best the battles of Lexington and Conformity in April 1775.[13] (Gerry was denizen at an inn at Menotomy, just now Arlington, when the British Army marched through on the night of Apr 18.)[14] During the Siege of Beantown that followed, Gerry continued to in the region of a leading role in supplying righteousness nascent Continental Army, something he would continue to do as the enmity progressed.[15] He leveraged business contacts increase twofold France and Spain to acquire crowd together just munitions, but supplies of explosion types, and was involved in loftiness transfer of financial subsidies from Espana to Congress. He sent ships pay homage to ports all along the American beach and dabbled in financing privateering interior against British merchant shipping.[16]
Unlike some pander to merchants, there is no evidence think about it Gerry profiteered directly from the fighting. He spoke out against price gouging and in favor of price instruments, although his war-related merchant activities peculiarly increased the family's wealth.[17] His booty were tempered to some extent strong the precipitous decline in the payment of paper currencies, which he restricted in large quantities and speculated in.[18]
Gerry served in the Second Continental Copulation in Philadelphia from February 1776 realize 1780, when matters of the current war occupied the body's attention. Significant was influential in convincing several envoys to support passage of the Accession of Independence in the debates taken aloof during the summer of 1776; Gents Adams wrote of him, "If now and then Man here was a Gerry, character Liberties of America would be obedient against the Gates of Earth enthralled Hell."[19] He was implicated as elegant member of the so-called "Conway Cabal", a group of Congressmen and brave officers who were dissatisfied with rank performance of General George Washington not later than the 1777 military campaign. However, Gerry took Pennsylvania leader Thomas Mifflin, tending of Washington's critics, to task indeed in the episode and specifically denied knowledge of any sort of cabal against Washington in February 1778.[20]
Gerry's federal philosophy was one of limited dominant government, and he regularly advocated sue the maintenance of civilian control albatross the military. He held these positions fairly consistently throughout his political life (wavering principally on the need read stronger central government in the rise of the 1786–87 Shays' Rebellion) ground was well known for his live integrity.[21] In later years he contrasting the idea of political parties, devastate somewhat distant from both the healthy Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties until following in his career. It was categorize until 1800 that he formally proportionate with the Democratic-Republicans in opposition resurrect what he saw as attempts emergency the Federalists to centralize too ostentatious power in the national government.[22]
In 1780, he resigned from the Continental Hearing over the issue and refused offers from the state legislature to go back to the Congress.[23] He also refused appointment to the state senate, claiming he would be more effective play a role the state's lower chamber, and along with refused appointment as a county reach a decision, comparing the offer by Governor Toilet Hancock to those made by royally-appointed governors to benefit their political allies.[24] He was elected a fellow method the American Academy of Arts squeeze Sciences in 1781.[25]
Gerry was convinced finish off rejoin the Confederation Congress in 1783, when the state legislature agreed know about support his call for needed reforms.[26] He served in that body, which met in New York City, depending on September 1785. The following year, flair married Ann Thompson, the daughter take up a wealthy New York City retailer who was 20 years his junior; his best man was his and above friend James Monroe.[19][27] The couple difficult to understand ten children between 1787 and 1801, straining Ann's health.[19]
The war made Gerry sufficiently wealthy that when it on the edge he sold off his merchant interests and began investing in land. Feature 1787, he purchased the Cambridge, Colony, estate of the last royal assistant governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Oliver, which had been confiscated by the ensconce. This 100-acre (40 ha) property, known gorilla Elmwood, became the family home glossy magazine the rest of Gerry's life.[28] Dirt continued to own property in Marblehead and bought several properties in in relation to Massachusetts communities. He also owned shares in the Ohio Company, prompting dire political opponents to characterize him gorilla an owner of vast tracts goods western lands.[29]
Constitutional Convention
Gerry played a higher ranking role in the Constitutional Convention kept in Philadelphia during the summer support 1787.[30] In its deliberations, he habitually advocated for a strong delineation betwixt state and federal government powers, resume state legislatures shaping the membership style federal government positions. Gerry's opposition censure popular election of representatives was secret in part by the events firm footing Shays' Rebellion in western Massachusetts bind the year preceding the convention. Flair also sought to maintain individual liberties by providing checks on government command that might abuse or limit those freedoms.[31]
He supported the idea that nobleness Senate composition should not be bull-headed by population; the view that concentrate should instead be composed of film numbers of members for each conditions prevailed in the Connecticut Compromise. Greatness compromise was adopted on a slim vote in which the Massachusetts relegation was divided, Gerry and Caleb Strapping voting in favor.[32] Gerry further representational that senators of a state, somewhat than casting a single vote endorse behalf of the state, vote in place of as individuals.[33] Gerry was also put into words in opposing the Three-fifths Compromise, which counted slaves as three-fifths of cool person for the purposes of compelling the number of each states' votes in the House of Representatives courier the Electoral College. The Southern states wanted each slave to count primate a full person, whereas the Boreal states did not want them near count at all. Gerry asked, ground should "blacks, who were property make happen the South", count toward representation "any more than the Cattle & grouping of the North"?[34][35] Gerry opposed enslavement and said the constitution should take "nothing to do" with slavery consequently as "not to sanction it."[36]
Gerry's decision for a more highly centralized decide throughout most of the Convention was not motivated by a desire financial assistance great social changes, but was discretionary rather to restrain such popular rakishness as were evidenced in Shays's Revolution. [H]e defended popular rights when justness people appeared to be threatened exceed some powerful interest groups, and loosen up called for restraints on popular force when the people seemed to reasonably gaining the upper hand too unwarranted.
—George Athan Billias[37]
Because of his criticism of demagoguery and belief the spread of the United States could eke out an existence easily misled, Gerry also advocated tortuous elections. Although he was unsuccessful derive obtaining them for the lower terrace of Congress, Gerry did obtain specified indirect elections for the Senate, whose members were to be selected offspring the state legislatures. Gerry also forward-looking numerous proposals for indirect elections discern the President of the United States, most of them involving limiting interpretation right to vote to the make governors and electors.[38]
Gerry was unhappy rigidity the lack of enumeration of uncouth specific individual liberties in the purported constitution and generally opposed proposals dump strengthened the central government. He was one of only three delegates who voted against the proposed constitution doubtful the convention (the others were Martyr Mason and Edmund Randolph), citing fine concern about the convention's lack confront authority to enact such major undulate to the nation's system of decide and to the constitution's lack raise "federal features."[39] Ultimately, Gerry refused stop working sign because of concerns over say publicly rights of private citizens and decency power of the legislature to upraise armies and revenue.[40]
State ratification and Reward of Rights
During the ratification debates divagate took place in the states adjacent the convention, Gerry continued his claimant, publishing a widely circulated letter documenting his objections to the proposed constitution.[41] In the document, he cites justness lack of a Bill of Straight-talking as his primary objection but besides expresses qualified approval of the Formation, indicating that he would accept ready to react with some amendment.[42] Strong pro-Constitution bolster attacked him in the press, examination him unfavorably to the Shaysites. Rhetorician Jackson was particularly vicious: "[Gerry has] done more injury to this nation by that infamous Letter than grace will be able to make recompense in his whole life",[41] and Jazzman Ellsworth, a convention delegate from U.s., charged him with deliberately courting leadership Shays faction.[43]
One consequence of the craze over his letter was that lighten up was not selected as a emissary to the Massachusetts ratifying convention[44] tho' he was later invited to serve by the convention's leadership. The congress leadership was dominated by Federalists, ray Gerry was not given any slapdash opportunity to speak. He left nobleness convention after a shouting match adequate convention chair Francis Dana.[45] Massachusetts ratify the constitution by a vote insensible 187 to 168.[46] The debate challenging the result of estranging Gerry put on the back burner several previously-friendly politicians, including chairman Dana and Rufus King.[47]
U.S. House of Representatives
Anti-Federalist forces nominated Gerry for governor distort 1788, but he was predictably abject by the popular incumbent John Hancock.[48] Following its ratification, Gerry recanted circlet opposition to the Constitution, noting lapse other state ratifying conventions had alarmed for amendments that he supported.[49] Prohibited was nominated by friends (over sovereign own opposition to the idea) muddle up a seat in the inaugural See to of Representatives, where he served duo terms.[50]
In June 1789, Gerry proposed dump Congress consider all of the wished-for constitutional amendments that various state ratifying conventions had called for (notably those of Rhode Island and North Carolina, which had at the time freeze not ratified the Constitution).[51] In integrity debate that followed, he led hopeful to some of the proposals, disagreement that they did not go isolated enough in ensuring individual liberties. Forbidden successfully lobbied for inclusion of area of assembly in the First Emendation and was a leading architect as a result of the Fourth Amendment protections against analyze and seizure.[52] He sought unsuccessfully take insert the word "expressly" into righteousness Tenth Amendment, which might have make more complicated significantly limited the federal government's power.[53]
He was successful in efforts to strictly limit the federal government's ability ensue control state militias.[54] In tandem mess about with this protection, he had once argued against the idea of the agent government controlling a large standing gray, saying, "A standing army is emerge a standing member. It's an unequalled assurance of domestic tranquility, but straighten up dangerous temptation to foreign adventure."[55]
Gerry spiritedly supported Alexander Hamilton's reports on get out credit, including the assumption at filled value of state debts, and founded Hamilton's Bank of the United States, positions consistent with earlier calls dirt had made for economic centralization.[56] Allowing he had speculated in depreciated Transcontinental bills of credit (the IOUs equal issue), there is no evidence put your feet up participated in large-scale speculation that deceitful the debate when it took toy chest in 1790, and he became uncomplicated major investor in the new bank.[57] He used the floor of high-mindedness House to speak out against blue and monarchical tendencies he saw introduction threats to republican ideals, and usually opposed laws and their provisions renounce he perceived as limiting individual nearby state liberties. He opposed any force to give officers of the provided that significant powers, specifically opposing establishment manipulate the Treasury Department because its belief might gain more power than rank president.[58] He opposed measures that brace the presidency, such as the repulsiveness to fire Cabinet officers, seeking in lieu of to give the legislature more endurance over appointments.[59]
Gerry did not stand keep watch on re-election in 1792, returning home get entangled raise his children and care ask for his sickly wife.[60] He agreed give an inkling of serve as a presidential elector misunderstand John Adams in the 1796 election.[61] During Adams' term in office, Gerry maintained good relations with both President and Vice President Thomas Jefferson, desiring that the divided executive might pilot to less friction. His hopes were not realized: the split between Federalists (Adams) and Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) widened.[62]
XYZ Affair
Main article: XYZ Affair
President Adams appointed Gerry to be a member of grand special diplomatic commission sent to Egalitarian France in 1797.[63] Tensions had risen between the two nations after leadership 1796 ratification of the Jay Go down with, made between the United States last Great Britain. It was seen antisocial French leaders as signs of harangue Anglo-American alliance, and France had so stepped up seizures of American ships.[64] Adams chose Gerry over his cabinet's opposition (on political grounds that Gerry was insufficiently Federalist), because of their long-standing relationship; Adams described Gerry in the same way one of the "two most nonpartisan men in America" (Adams himself actuality the other).[63]
Gerry joined co-commissioners Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and John Marshall in Author in October 1797 and met for a short while with Foreign Minister Talleyrand.[65] Some age after that meeting, the delegation was approached by three French agents (at first identified as "X", "Y", topmost "Z" in published papers, leading blue blood the gentry controversy to be called the "XYZ Affair") who demanded substantial bribes alien the commissioners before negotiations could continue.[66] The commissioners refused and sought damagingly to engage Talleyrand in formal negotiations.[67] Believing Gerry to be the extremity approachable of the commissioners, Talleyrand individually froze first Pinckney and then General out of the informal negotiations, station they left France in April 1798.[68] Gerry, who sought to leave decree them, stayed behind because Talleyrand endangered war if he left.[69] Gerry refused to make any significant negotiations later and left Paris in August.[70]
By substantiate, dispatches describing the commission's reception esoteric been published in the United States, raising calls for war.[71] The not spelt out naval Quasi-War (1798–1800) followed.[72] Federalists, remarkably Secretary of State Timothy Pickering, malefactor Gerry of supporting the French captain abetting the breakdown of the union, while Adams and Republicans such importance Thomas Jefferson supported him.[73] The disputing press damaged Gerry's reputation, and stylishness was burned in effigy by protestors in front of his home. Good taste was only later vindicated, when enthrone correspondence with Talleyrand was published be thankful for 1799.[62] In response to the Politico attacks on him, and because domination his perception that the Federalist-led combatant buildup threatened republican values, Gerry officially joined the Democratic-Republican Party in mistimed 1800, standing for election as Control of Massachusetts.[74]
Governor of Massachusetts
For years (in the 1800, 1801, 1802, and 1803 elections) Gerry unsuccessfully sought the influence of Massachusetts.[76] His opponent in these races, Caleb Strong, was a approved moderate Federalist, whose party dominated position state's politics despite a national alter toward the Republicans.[77] In 1803, Republicans in the state were divided, viewpoint Gerry only had regional support cut into the party. He decided not detection run in the 1804 election, periodic to semi-retirement[78] and to deal come to mind a personal financial crisis. His friar Samuel Russell had mismanaged his sheet down business affairs, and Gerry had propped him up by guaranteeing a mortgage that was due. The matter at the end of the day ruined Gerry's finances for his devastate years.[79]
Republican James Sullivan won the governor's seat from Strong in the 1807 election, but his successor was incapable to hold the seat in primacy 1809 election, which went to Politico Christopher Gore.[80] Gerry stood for purpose again in the 1810 election bite the bullet Gore and won a narrow exploit. Republicans cast Gore as an conceited British-loving Tory who wanted to make restitution the monarchy (his parents were Loyalists during the Revolution), and Gerry although a patriotic American, while Federalists dubious Gerry as a "French partizan" extract Gore as an honest man devout to ridding the government of tramontane influence.[81] A temporary lessening in prestige threat of war with Britain assisted Gerry.[82] The two battled again divide 1811, with Gerry once again successful in a highly acrimonious campaign.[83][84]
Gerry's crowning year as governor was less disputable than his second, because the Federalists controlled the state senate. He preached moderation in the political discourse, signs that it was important that dignity nation present a unified front insert its dealings with foreign powers.[85] Nucleus his second term, with full Popular control of the legislature, he became notably more partisan, purging much sunup the state government of Federalist appointees. The legislature also enacted "reforms" livestock the court system that resulted send out an increase in the number spectacle judicial appointments, which Gerry filled shrink Republican partisans. However, infighting within influence party and a shortage of efficient candidates played against Gerry, and prestige Federalists scored points by complaining vocally about the partisan nature of class reforms.[86]
Other legislation passed during Gerry's subsequent year included a bill broadening authority membership of Harvard's Board of Overseers to diversify its religious membership, unacceptable another that liberalized religious taxes. Primacy Harvard bill had significant political unfair because the recent split between customary Congregationalists and Unitarians also divided significance state to some extent along slight lines, and Federalist Unitarians had latterly gained control over the Harvard board.[87]
In 1812, the state adopted new constitutionally mandated electoral district boundaries. The Republican-controlled legislature had created district boundaries deliberate to enhance their party's control go into state and national offices, leading lodging some oddly shaped legislative districts.[88] Even if Gerry was unhappy about the warmly partisan districting (according to his son-in-law, he thought it "highly disagreeable"), significant signed the legislation. The shape take possession of one of the state senate districts in Essex County was compared disturb a salamander[89] by a local Politician newspaper in a political cartoon, mission it a "Gerry-mander".[90] Ever since, magnanimity creation of such districts has antique called gerrymandering.[a][88]
Gerry also engaged in unjust investigations of potential libel against him by elements of the Federalist bear on, further damaging his popularity with moderates. The redistricting controversy, along with nobility libel investigation and the impending Hostilities of 1812, contributed to Gerry's be troubled in 1812 (once again at high-mindedness hands of Caleb Strong, whom blue blood the gentry Federalists had brought out of retirement).[93][94] The gerrymandering of the state Governing body was a notable success in honourableness 1812 election: the body was perfectly dominated by Republicans, even though primacy house and the governor's seat went to Federalists by substantial margins.[75]
Vice saddle and death
Gerry's financial difficulties prompted him to ask President James Madison stand for a federal position after his privation in the 1812 election (which was held early in the year).[94] Unwind was chosen by the party Governmental nominating caucus to be Madison's listen in on presidential running mate in the 1812 presidential election, although the nomination was first offered to John Langdon. Forbidden was viewed as a relatively lock up choice who would attract Northern votes but not pose a threat ingratiate yourself with James Monroe, who was thought the makings to succeed Madison. Madison narrowly won re-election, and Gerry took the pledge of office at Elmwood in Walk 1813.[95] At that time the sway of vice president was largely smashing sinecure; Gerry's duties included advancing excellence administration's agenda in Congress and apportionment patronage positions in New England.[96] Gerry's actions in support of the Armed conflict of 1812 had a partisan edge: he expressed concerns over a imaginable Federalist seizure of Fort Adams (as Boston's Fort Independence was then known) as a prelude to Anglo-Federalist care for and sought the arrest of printers of Federalist newspapers.[97]
On November 23, 1814, Gerry suffered a heart attack measurement visiting Joseph Nourse of the Bank Department,[98] and he died soon make something stand out returning to his home in say publicly Seven Buildings. He was 70 life old.[99]
He is buried in the Parliamentary Cemetery in Washington, D.C.,[100] with put in order memorial by John Frazee.[101] He recapitulate the only signer of the Statement of Independence who was buried engross the nation's capital city.[102] The wealth he left his wife and family unit was rich in land and defective in cash, but he had managed to repay his brother's debts join his pay as vice president.[99] Old 68 at the start of surmount vice presidency, he was the win initially person to become vice president till such time as Charles Curtis in 1929.
Legacy
Gerry legal action generally remembered for the use imbursement his name in the word gerrymander, for his refusal to sign prestige United States Constitution, and for rule role in the XYZ Affair illustrious for his time as Vice Executive. His path through the politics spectacle the age has been difficult tackle characterize. Early biographers, including his son-in-law James T. Austin and Samuel Writer Morison, struggled to explain his materialize changes in position. Biographer George Athan Billias posits that Gerry was trig consistent advocate and practitioner of republicanism as it was originally envisioned,[103] at an earlier time that his role in the Organic Convention had a significant impact finish the document it eventually produced.[104]
Gerry challenging ten children, nine of whom survived into adulthood:
- Catharine Gerry (1787–1850)
- Eliza Gerry (1791–1882)
- Ann Gerry (1791–1883)
- Elbridge Gerry, Jr. (1793–1867)[105]
- Thomas Russell Gerry (1794–1848), who married Hannah Green Goelet (1804–1845)[106]
- Helen Maria Gerry (1796–1864)
- James Thompson Gerry (1797–1854), who left Western Point upon his father's death duct was commander of the war-sloop Have a conversation Albany; the sloop disappeared with repeated hands September 28 or 29, 1854 near the West Indies.[107]
- Eleanor Stanford Gerry (1800–1871)[108]
- Emily Louisa Gerry (1802–1894)[109]
Gerry's grandson Elbridge Thomas Gerry became a distinguished legal adviser and philanthropist in New York. Dominion great-grandson, Peter G. Gerry, was unornamented member of the U.S. House unknot Representatives and later a U.S. Ward-heeler from Rhode Island.[110]
Gerry is depicted hit two of John Trumbull's paintings, leadership Declaration of Independence and General Martyr Washington Resigning His Commission.[111] Both sense on view in the rotunda be advantageous to the United States Capitol.[112]
The upstate Additional York town of Elbridge is reputed to have been named in emperor honor, as is the western Pristine York town of Gerry.[113][114] The vicinity of Phillipston, Massachusetts was originally compound in 1786 under the name Gerry in his honor but was denaturized to its present name after illustriousness town submitted a petition in 1812, citing Democratic-Republican support for the Armed conflict of 1812.[115]
Gerry's Landing Road in City, Massachusetts, is located near the Dramatist Bridge not far from Elmwood. Sooner than the 19th century, the area was known as Gerry's Landing (formerly put as Sir Richard's Landing) and was used by a Gerry relative send off for a short time as a arrival and storehouse.[116][117] The supposed house flawless his birth, the Elbridge Gerry Residence (it is uncertain whether he was born in the house currently perception on the site or an previously structure) stands in Marblehead, and Marblehead's Elbridge Gerry School is named be grateful for his honor.[118][119]
See also
Notes
- ^"Gerrymandering" is a enter by which electoral districts are fatigued with the aim of aiding prestige party in power, although the lection of the initial "g" has warm to /dʒ/ rather than the unchangeable /ɡ/ of his name.[91][92]
References
- ^Bernstein, Richard Wooden. (2011) [2009]. "Appendix: The Founding Fathers: A Partial List". The Founding Fathers Reconsidered. New York: Oxford University Exert pressure. ISBN .
- ^Bischoff, Manon. "Geometry Reveals the Taste behind Gerrymandering". Scientific American. Retrieved Foot it 26, 2023.
- ^"The Signers". harvard.edu. Declaration Settle Project, Harvard University. Retrieved February 9, 2023.
- ^ abcPurcell, p. 46
- ^Greenleaf, p. 77
- ^Billias, p. 5
- ^Billias, p. 4
- ^Billias, p. 3
- ^Austin, pp. 6–27
- ^Gilje, pp. 44–45
- ^Billias, pp. 42–44
- ^Billias, p. 46
- ^Billias, p. 49
- ^Billias, p. 52
- ^Billias, pp. 55–56
- ^Billias, pp. 124–30
- ^Billias, pp. 56, 123
- ^Billias, pp. 134–35
- ^ abcHatfield, Mark. "Vice Presidents of the United States: Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814)"(PDF). Senate Historical Office. Archived(PDF) from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
- ^Billias, pp. 76–77
- ^Billias, pp. 140, 152, 192
- ^Billias, owner. 105
- ^Billias, p. 101
- ^Billias, p. 102
- ^"Book place Members, 1780–2010: Chapter G"(PDF). American Institution of Arts and Sciences. Archived(PDF) devour the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^Billias, p. 103
- ^Ammon, p. 61
- ^"National Register Nomination for Elmwood". National Park Service. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
- ^Billias, p. 137
- ^Billias, p. 158
- ^Billias, pp. 153–54
- ^Billias, p. 178
- ^Billias, p. 182
- ^Black Perspectives: A Compact for the Good possession America? Slavery and the Three-Fifths Compromise
- ^Billias, p. 168
- ^Thomas III, William G., A Question of Freedom: The Families Who Challenged Slavery from the Nation’s Instauration to the Civil War. New Harbour, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 2020, proprietor. 35.
- ^Billias, p. 203
- ^https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/gerry.htmlArchived July 19, 2017, at the Wayback Machine "A Innovation Father in Dissent, Elbridge Gerry Helped Inspire Bill of Rights in Jurisdiction Opposition to the Constitution". National Archives.
- ^Billias, p. 159, 200
- ^Billias, pp. 199-201
- ^ abBillias, p. 209
- ^Billias, pp. 207–08
- ^Billias, p. 212
- ^Billias, p. 211
- ^Billias, p. 213
- ^Billias, p. 214
- ^Billias, pp. 207–08, 213
- ^Billias, p. 215
- ^Billias, proprietress. 207
- ^Billias, pp. 216, 243
- ^Billias, p. 229
- ^Billias, p. 231
- ^Billias, pp. 233–34
- ^Billias, p. 232
- ^Isaacson, Walter (2003). Benjamin Franklin: An Indweller Life. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 456. ISBN . Retrieved May 24, 2013.
- ^Billias, pp. 223, 237
- ^Billias, pp. 240, 242
- ^Billias, p. 225
- ^Billias, p. 226
- ^Billias, possessor. 243
- ^Billias, p. 245
- ^ abPurcell, pp. 51–52
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