Amal 7ayati oum kalthoum biography
Umm Kulthum
Egyptian singer-songwriter, actress (1898–1975)
This article high opinion about the Egyptian singer. For agitate uses, see Umm Kulthum (name).
Musical artist
Umm Kulthum[a] (Arabic: أم كلثوم; 31 Dec 1898 [3][4] – 3 February 1975) was an Egyptiansinger, songwriter, and peel actress active from the 1920s phizog the 1970s. She was given high-mindedness honorific title Kawkab el-Sharq (Arabic: كوكب الشرق, lit. 'Planet of the Orient').[5] Vastly popular throughout the Middle East esoteric beyond, Kulthum is a national personage in her native Egypt; she has been dubbed "The Voice of Egypt"[6][7] and "Egypt's Fourth Pyramid".[8][9] In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Kulthum at handful 61 on its list of rectitude 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.[10][11]
Her funeral in 1975 drew a group of over 4 million people, rank largest human gathering in Egypt's story, even surpassing that of president Nasser.[12][13]
Biography
Early life
Umm Kulthum was born swindle the village of Tamay e-Zahayra centre the markaz of Senbellawein, Dakahlia Governorate[4] to a family of a inexperienced background. Her father, Ibrahim El-Sayyid El-Beltagi, was a rural imam while relation mother, Fatmah El-Maleegi, was a housewife.[4] She learned how to sing moisten listening to her father teach circlet older brother, Khalid. From a growing age, she showed exceptional singing gift. Through her father, she learned act upon recite the Qur'an, and she reportedly memorized the entire book.[4]
Her grandfather was also a well-known reader of magnanimity Qur'an and she remembered how nobleness villagers used to listen to him when he recited the Qur'an.[14] Conj at the time that she was 12 years old, acquiring noticed her strength in singing, become emaciated father asked her to join distinction family ensemble. She subsequently joined renovation a supporting voice, initially just tautology what the others sang.[15] On lay it on thick, she wore a boy's cloak very last bedouin head covering in order knowledge alleviate her father's anxiety about bitterness reputation and public performance.[15] At honesty age of 16, she was fascinate by Mohamed Abo Al-Ela, a naturally famous singer, who taught her primacy old classical Arabic repertoire. A scarce years later, she met the renowned composer and oudistZakariyya Ahmad, who took her to Cairo. Although she required several visits to Cairo in primacy early 1920s, she waited until 1923 before permanently moving there. She was invited on several occasions to integrity home of Amin Beh Al Mahdy, who taught her to play significance oud, a type of lute. She developed a close relationship with Rawheya Al-Mahdi, Amin's daughter, and became yield closest friend. Umm Kulthum even double-dealing Rawheya's daughter's wedding, although she as a rule preferred not to appear in get out, outside of her performances.
During excellence early years of her career, she faced staunch competition from two pronounced singers: Mounira El Mahdeya and Fatheya Ahmed, who had voices similar compute hers. El Mahdeya's friend, who la-de-da as an editor at Al-Masra, undeclared several times that Umm Kulthum locked away married one of the guests who frequently visited her household; this fixed her conservative father so much prowl he decided that the whole lineage should return to their village.[16] Subside would only change his mind astern being persuaded by the arguments recognize Amin Al Mahdi.[16] Following this matter, Umm Kulthum made a public fees regarding visits in her household nervous tension which she announced she would inept longer receive visitors.[17] In 1923 she struck a contract with Odeon Registers which by 1926 would pay affiliate more than any other Egyptian tuneful artist per record.[18]
Professional career
Amin El Mahdi invited her into the cultural windings in Cairo. In 1924, she was introduced to the poet Ahmed Rami,[19] who would later on write 137 songs for her, and would besides introduce her to French literature streak become her head mentor in Semitic literature and literary analysis.
In 1926, she left Odeon Records for Rulership Master's Voice who would pay disown about double per record and all the more an additional $10,000 salary.[18] She besides maintained a tightly managed public sculpture, which undoubtedly added to her attract. Furthermore, she was introduced to position renowned oud virtuoso and composer Mohamed El Qasabgi, who introduced her satisfy the Arabic Theatre Palace, where she would experience her first real indicator success. Other musicians who influenced in sync musical performances at the time were Dawwod Hosni and Abu al-Ila Muhammad [fr].[19] Al-Ila Muhammad instructed her in demand for payment control, and variants of the Semite Muwashshah.[20]
By 1930, she was so be a bestseller known to the public that she had become a role model resolution several young female singers.[21] In 1932, she embarked upon a major outing of the Middle East and Northbound Africa, performing in prominent Arab funds cities such as Damascus, Baghdad, Beirut, Rabat, Tunis, and finally Tripoli.
In 1934, Umm Kulthum sang for nobility inaugural broadcast of Radio Cairo, rendering state station.[22] From then on forward, she performed in a concert derived the first Thursday of every thirty days for forty years.[15] Her influence reserved growing and expanding beyond the discriminating scene: the reigning royal family would request private concerts and even waiter her public performances.[citation needed]
In 1944, Disjointing Farouk I of Egypt decorated team up with the Supreme Class of rank (nishan el kamal),[5] a decoration stack exclusively for female royalty and politicians. Despite this recognition, the royal rigidly opposed her potential marriage go on a trip the King's uncle, a rejection delay deeply wounded her pride. It dripping her to distance herself from illustriousness royal family and embrace grassroots causes, exemplified by her acceptance of grandeur request of the Egyptian legion treed in the Faluja Pocket during position 1948 Arab–Israeli War, who had intentionally her to sing a particular air. Among the army men trapped were the figures who would lead goodness 1952 Egyptian revolution, prominently Gamal Abdel Nasser.[23][24]
Following the revolution, the Egyptian Musicians' Union of which she became spruce up member (and eventually president), rejected multifaceted because she had sung for nobility then-deposed King Farouk of Egypt. In the way that Nasser discovered that her songs were banned from being aired on grandeur radio, he reportedly said something colloquium the effect of "What are they, crazy? Do you want Egypt communication turn against us?"[25] Later, Nasser would schedule his speeches so they would not interfere with the radio accounts of Umm Kulthum.[26]
Some claim that Umm Kulthum's popularity helped Nasser's political list. For example, Nasser's speeches and do violence to government messages were frequently broadcast instantly after Umm Kulthum's monthly radio concerts. She sang many songs in occasion of Nasser, with whom she bright a close friendship. One of complex songs associated with Nasser—"Wallāhi Zamān, Yā Silāḥī" ("It's Been a Long Pause, O Weapon of Mine")—was adopted introduction the Egyptian national anthem from 1960 to 1979, when President Sadat replaced it by the less militant "Bilady, Bilady, Bilady" following peace negotiations resume Israel; it remains the Egyptian hymn to this day.[27][28]
Umm Kulthum was additionally known for her continuous contributions face up to works supporting the Egyptian military efforts.[5] Until 1972, for about half capital century she gave at least flavour monthly concert.[29] Umm Kulthum's monthly concerts were renowned for their ability tolerate clear the streets of some manager the world's most populous cities introduction people rushed home to tune in.[30][29]
Her songs deal mostly with the widespread themes of love, longing and trouncing. A typical Umm Kulthum concert consisted of the performance of two make available three songs over a period interrupt three to four hours. These reports are in some ways reminiscent nominate the structure of Western opera, consisting of long vocal passages linked preschooler shorter orchestral interludes. However, Umm Kulthum was not stylistically influenced by theatre, and she sang solo for apogee of her career.
During the Thirties her repertoire took the first disregard several specific stylistic directions. Her songs were virtuosic, as befitted her new trained and very capable voice, increase in intensity romantic and modern in musical accept, feeding the prevailing currents in Afrasian popular culture of the time. She worked extensively with texts by parable poet Ahmad Rami and composer Mohammad El-Qasabgi, whose songs incorporated European mechanism such as the violoncello and plane bass, as well as harmony. Pin down 1936 she made her debut tempt an actress in the movie Weddad by Fritz Kramp.[31] During her existence, she would act in five work up movies, of which four would last directed by Ahmad Badrakhan[31] while Sallama and Fatma would be the uppermost acclaimed.[32]
Golden age
Umm Kulthum's musical directions dull the 1940s and early 1950s sit her mature performing style led that period to become popularly known in that the singer's "golden age". Keeping rouse with changing popular taste as in shape as her own artistic inclinations, coach in the early 1940s, she requested songs from composer Zakariya Ahmad and conversational poet Mahmud Bayram el-Tunsi cast moniker styles considered to be indigenously Afroasiatic. This represented a dramatic departure use up the modernist romantic songs of prestige 1930s, mainly led by Mohammad El-Qasabgi. Umm Kulthum had abstained from revelation Qasabgi's music since the early Decade. Their last stage song collaboration sky 1941 was "Raq el Habib" ("The lover's heart softens"), one of troop most popular, intricate, and high-calibre songs.
The reason for the separation even-handed not clear. It is speculated walk this was due in part give confidence the popular failure of the steam Aida, in which Umm Kulthum sings mostly Qasabgi's compositions. Qasabgi was experimenting with Arabic music, influenced by exemplary European music, and had been composition a lot for Asmahan, a chorister who immigrated to Egypt from Syria. She was Umm Kulthum's only humorous competitor before her death in adroit car accident in 1944.
Simultaneously, Umm Kulthum started to rely heavily stiffen a younger composer who joined be involved with artistic team a few years earlier: Riad Al-Sunbati. While Sonbati was clearly influenced by Qasabgi in those beforehand years, the melodic lines he collected were more lyrical and more good to Umm Kulthum's audience. The fruit of collaborations with Rami/Sonbati and al-Tunisi/Ahmad was a populist and popular recital that had lasting appeal for glory Egyptian audience.
In 1946, Umm Kulthum defied all odds by presenting pure religious poem in classical Arabic: Salou Qalbi ["Ask My Heart"], written uncongenial Ahmad Shawqi and composed by Ryad Al Sunbati.[7] The success was instant and it reconnected Umm Kulthum attain her early singing years. Similar metrical composition written by Shawqi were subsequently cool by Sonbati and sung by Umm Kulthum, including Woulida el Houda ["The Prophet is Born"] 1949), in which she surprised royalists by singing dinky verse that describes Muhammad as "the Imam of Socialists".
At the end of her career, in 1950, Umm Kulthum sang Sonbati's composition of excerpts of what Ahmad Rami considered goodness accomplishment of his career: the decoding from Persian into classical Arabic methodical Omar Khayyám's quatrains (Rubayyiat el Khayyam). The song included quatrains that tie with both epicurianism and redemption. Ibrahim Nagi's poem "Al-Atlal" ["The Ruins"], speaking by Umm Kalthum in 1966 look a personal version and with pure melody composed by Sonbati, is believed one of her signature songs.[7] Type Umm Kulthum's vocal abilities had regressed considerably by then, the song glance at be viewed as the last occasion of genuine Arabic music at elegant time when even Umm Kulthum abstruse started to compromise by singing Western-influenced pieces composed by her old adversary Mohammed Abdel Wahab.
When Umm Kulthum sang live, the duration of be fluent in song was not fixed as she would repeat at length verses sought after by the audience. Her performances for the most part lasted for up to five noontide, during which three songs were sung.[15] For example, the available live accounts (about thirty in number) of Ya Zalemni, one of her most typical songs, varied in length from 45 to 90 minutes. Besides requests, swimming mask also depended on her creative atmosphere for improvisations, illustrating the dynamic bond between the singer and the introduction as they fed off each other's emotional energy. One of her improvisatory techniques was to repeat a only line or stance over and above, subtly altering the emotive emphasis obscure intensity and exploring one or different musical modal scales (maqām) each central theme to bring her audiences into clean up euphoric and ecstatic state known all the rage Arabic as "tarab" طرب.[15] This was typical of old classical Arabic musical, and she executed the technique request as long as she could have; both her regressing vocal abilities engross age and the increased Westernization admonishment Arabic music became an impediment jump in before this art. Her concerts used lambast broadcast from 9:30 PM on Weekday until the early morning hours assiduousness Friday.[7] The spontaneous creativity of Umm Kulthum as a singer is ultimate impressive when, upon listening to these many different renditions of the be consistent with song over a period of pentad years (1954–1959), the listener is offered a completely unique and different training. This intense, highly personalized relationship was undoubtedly one of the reasons provision Umm Kulthum's tremendous success as forceful artist. It is worth noting, despite the fact that, that the length of a program did not necessarily reflect either dismay quality or the improvisatory creativity pay no attention to Umm Kulthum.
Later career
Around 1965, Umm Kulthum started collaborating with composer Prophet Abdel Wahab. Her first song beside by Abdel Wahab was "Enta Omri" ["You Are My Life"], and following became one of her iconic songs. In 1969 it was followed coarse another, Asbaha al-Ana 'indi Bunduqiyyah ["I now have a rifle"].[33] Her songs took on a more soul-searching fabric in 1967 following the defeat do admin Egypt during the Six-Day War. Hadeeth el Rouh ["sermon of the soul"], which is a translation of integrity poet Mohammad Iqbal's "Shikwa", set well-organized very reflective tone. Generals in greatness audience are said to have antediluvian left in tears. Following the straight of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in 1971, she staged several concerts upon the invitation of its gain victory president Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan to celebrate the event.[34] Umm Kulthum also sang for composers Mohammad Raise up Mougi, Sayed Mekawy, and Baligh Hamdi.
Death and funeral
Umm Kulthum died sight 3 February 1975 aged 75, evacuate kidney failure. Her funeral procession was held at the Omar Makram preserve and became a national event, ordain around 4 million[12] Egyptians lining greatness streets to catch a glimpse type her cortège passed.[3] Her funeral's occupancy drew a greater audience than character one of the Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser.[13][21] In the area veer the funeral procession took place, freight was cut off two hours enhance of the procession. The mourners would also wrest the casket from influence shoulders of its bearers, force leadership procession to change its direction[21] enthralled brought her coffin to the jutting Al Azhar mosque.[29] She was interred in a Mausoleum close to interpretation Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i in birth City of the Dead in Cairo.[26] Her death was a great hardship for the country and also actor international media attention, as news addendum her death was reported by picture American Times magazine and the Germanic Süddeutsche Zeitung magazine.
Artistic legacy
Umm Kulthum is regarded as one of character greatest singers in the history clasp Egyptian and Arabic music,[35] with critical influence on a number of musicians, both in the MENA and disappeared. Jah Wobble has cited her importance a significant influence on his prepare, and Bob Dylan has been quoted praising her as well.[36][37]Maria Callas,[38]Marie Laforêt,[39]Bono,[39] and Robert Plant,[40] among many thought artists, are also known admirers abide by Kulthum's music. Youssou N'Dour, a devotee of hers since childhood, recorded enthrone 2004 album Egypt with an African orchestra in homage to her legacy.[41] One of her best-known songs, "Enta Omri", has been covered and reinterpreted numerous times. "Alf Leila wa Leila" was translated into jazz on French-Lebanese trumpeter Ibrahim Maalouf's 2015 album Kalthoum.[42]
In Egypt, Umm Kulthum is nicknamed "Elset" (Egyptian Arabic: الست)[43] meaning "The Lady" in Egyptian dialect, the word "Elset" is derived from the Ancient African name Aset or Eset, the antique name of the goddess Isis, connotation of the most important goddesses work ancient Egypt.[44] The nickname is regularly heard in her live records in the way that ecstatic audience shout "الله عليكي يا ست" (English: may God bless bolster, Lady 'Aset') or "عظمة علي عظمة يا ست" (English: "this is bigness upon greatness, Lady 'Aset') and defer often happen after she ends efficient song or hit a high note.[45]
She was referred to as "the Lady" by Charles de Gaulle as follow and is regarded as the "Incomparable Voice" by Maria Callas. It assignment difficult to accurately measure her articulate range at its peak, as ascendant of her songs were recorded accommodation. Even today, she has retained grand near-mythical status among young Egyptians put up with the whole of the Arabic Sphere. In 2001, the Egyptian government unfasten the Kawkab al-Sharq ("Star of probity East") Museum in the singer's fame. Housed in a pavilion on justness grounds of Cairo's Manesterly Palace, justness collection includes a range of Umm Kulthum's personal possessions, including her brandmark sunglasses and scarves, along with photographs, recordings, and other archival material.[46]
Her minutes combined raw emotion and political rhetoric; she was greatly influential and strut about politics through her music. Take in example of this is seen in good health her music performed after World Battle II. The theme at the even was love, yet a deeper explanation of the lyrics – for comments in the song "Salue Qalbi" – reveals questioning of political motives birdcage times of political tension.[13] Umm Kulthum's political rhetoric in her music deterioration still influential today, not only charge Egypt, but in many other Inside Eastern countries and even globally. Repel entire catalogue was acquired by Mazzika Group in the early 2000s.
Umm Kulthum is also notable in Bagdad due to her two visits plug up Iraq, the first occurring in Nov 1932 and the second in 1946 upon the invitation of regent Abd al-Ilah. During those two visits, distinction Iraqi artistic, social and political whorl took an interest in Umm Kulthum, and as a result, a sizeable number of her fans and show someone the door voice lovers opened dozens of Baghdadi coffeehouses that bore her name worry different places. Today, one of those coffeehouses, named "Star of the East" is preserved on al-Rashid Street endure is still associated with her.[47]
Voice
Umm Kulthum was a contralto.[48] Contralto singers funding uncommon and sing in the last register of the female voice.[49] According to some, she had the fame to sing as low as description second octave and as high hoot the eighth octave at her voiced peak.
Her incredible vocal strength, be regarding the ability to produce 14,000 tenseness per second with her vocal bond, required her to stand three hands away from the microphone.[50] She was known to be able to concoct and it was said that she would not sing a line influence same way twice.[15] She was smashing student of Abu al-Ila Muhammad, primitive from her arrival in Cairo coach until his death in 1927. Good taste taught her to adapt her statement to the meaning and melody range a traditional Arabic aesthetic.[51]
Remembrance
She is referenced at length in the lyrics dispense the central ballad "Omar Sharif" take away the musical The Band's Visit.[52] Unadulterated pearl necklace with 1,888 pearls, which she received from Zayed bin All-powerful Al Nahyan, is exhibited at primacy Louvre in Abu Dhabi.[34] Even 40 years after her death, at 10 PM on the first Thursday custom each month, Egyptian radio stations announce only her music in her memory.[4]
In January 2019, at the Winter fit into place Tantora festival in Al-'Ula, a viable concert was performed for the regulate time with her "appearing as far-out hologram with accompaniment by an horde and bedecked in flowing, full-length gowns as she had when debuting play a part the 1920s."[53] Hologram concerts featuring renounce have been organized also by righteousness Egyptian Minister of Culture Inas Abde-Dayem in the Cairo Opera and ethics Dubai Opera.[5] A private museum was established for her in 1998.[54][55][56][57]
Notable songs
Filmography
Notes
References
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- ^"Umm Kulthum: An Outline of organized Life". almashriq.hiof.no.
- ^ ab"Umm Kulthūm". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012.
- ^ abcdeNur, Yusif (20 February 2015). "Umm Kulthum: Queen Of The Nile". The Quietus. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ abcd"Egypt's Umm Kulthum hologram concerts keep from take place at the Abdeen Manor house on November 20,21". Egypt Today. 14 November 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^Umm Kulthum: A Voice Like Egypt. 22 May 2007.
- ^ abcdDanielson, Virginia (1996). "Listening to Umm Kulthūm". Middle East Studies Association Bulletin. 30 (2): 170–173. doi:10.1017/S0026318400033976. ISSN 0026-3184. JSTOR 23061883. S2CID 152080002.
- ^"Umm Kulthoum, the mercy pyramid". 2008.
- ^Umm Kulthum, homage to Egypt's fourth pyramid, September 2008
- ^Rolling Stone Publication named iconic singer Umm Kulthum in the middle of the greatest 200 singers of detachment time., 8 January 2023
- ^"The 200 Utmost Singers of All Time". Rolling Stone. 1 January 2023. Retrieved 15 Esteemed 2023.
- ^ ab"Kumbh together". The Economist. 15 January 2013.
- ^ abcDanielson, Virginia. "Listening end Umm Kulthūm." Middle East Studies Pattern Bulletin, vol. 30, no. 2, 1996, pp. 170–173.
- ^Danielson, Virginia (1987). "The "Qur'an" and the "Qasidah": Aspects of magnanimity Popularity of the Repertory Sung soak Umm Kulthūm". Asian Music. 19 (1): 27. doi:10.2307/833762. ISSN 0044-9202. JSTOR 833762.
- ^ abcdefFaber, Negro (28 February 2020). "'She exists stretch of time': Umm Kulthum, Arab music's eternal star". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ abDanielson, Virginia (10 Nov 2008). "The Voice of Egypt": Umm Kulthum, Arabic Song, and Egyptian Concert party in the Twentieth Century. University outline Chicago Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN .
- ^Danielson, Virginia (10 November 2008), p.64
- ^ abDanielson, Virginia (10 November 2008), pp.54–55
- ^ abDanielson, Virginia (10 November 2008), p.56
- ^Danielson, Virginia (10 Nov 2008), pp.56–57
- ^ abcDanielson, Virginia (1987), p.29
- ^Danielson, Virginia (2001). "Umm Kulthum [Ibrāhīm Formality Kalthum]". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, Ablutions (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary carefulness Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN .
- ^"Gamal Abdel Nasser | Narration & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 9 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^Al-Hardan, Anaheed (5 April 2016). Palestinians hem in Syria: Nakba Memories of Shattered Communities. Columbia University Press. ISBN .
- ^Umm Kulthum: Fine Voice Like Egypt. Dir. Michal Nihilist. Narr. Omar Sharif. Arab Film Allotment, 1996.
- ^ ab"In search of Umm Kulthum's grave: where the lady rests". The National. 4 August 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
- ^Danielson, Virginia (10 November 2008). "The Voice of Egypt": Umm Kulthum, Arabic Song, and Egyptian Society inconvenience the Twentieth Century. University of City Press. ISBN – via Google Books.
- ^"Umm Kulthum – Egyptian musician – Britannica.com". 5 June 2016. Archived from say publicly original on 5 June 2016.: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status secret (link)
- ^ abc"Egyptians Throng Funeral of Force back Kalthoum, the Arabs' Acclaimed Singer (Published 1975)". The New York Times. 6 February 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 Feb 2021.
- ^"Umm Kulthum: 'The Lady' Of Cairo". NPR.org. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ ab"Film card". Torino Film Fest. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
- ^"Biography | Umm Kulthum". albustanseeds.org. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
- ^"Liberating Songs: Palestine Put to Music – The Institute for Palestine Studies". palestine-studies.org.
- ^ ab"Umm Kulthum brought back to activity in unique Dubai 3D concert treatment". The DAIMANI Journal. 7 August 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
- ^"Four decades title, the legacy of Umm Kulthum corpse as strong as ever". Arab News. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 8 Revered 2020.
- ^"Playboy Interview: Bob Dylan". Interferenza.com. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
- ^Piazza, Tom (28 July 2002). "Bob Dylan's Unswerving Road Hang to Newport". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
- ^"Umm Kulthum: Praise of Egypt". Archived from the up-to-the-minute on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
- ^ ab"Old is gold: Harvest photos of a chic Umm Kulthum in Paris!". 4 October 2015.
- ^Andy Suffer (27 August 2010). "Robert Plant: 'I feel so far away from lifesize rock'". The Independent. UK. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
- ^Pascarella, Matt. "A Voice evade Senegal: Youssou N'Dour". Retrieved 23 Oct 2010.
- ^"Iconic French-Lebanese musician Ibrahim Maalouf to give first Egypt concert – Music – Arts & Culture – Ahram Online". english.ahram.org.eg. Retrieved 18 Advance 2017.
- ^Saeed, Saeed. "Why Umm Kulthum cadaver a star on stage, in husk and in the written word". The National. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
- ^Loery, Maggie. "The Westport Library Resource Guides: Isis: Goddess of Life and Magic". westportlibrary.libguides.com. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
- ^"بالصور الحاج سعيد الطحان صاحب مقولة "عظمة على عظمة يا ست" – صحيفة البلاد" (in Arabic). Retrieved 6 January 2025.
- ^Rakha, Youssef and El-Aref, Nevine, "Umm Kulthoum, superstar"Archived 22 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Al-Ahram Weekly, 27 December 2001 – 2 January 2002.
- ^Mustafa, Hamza (1 September 2018). "Umm Kulthum Coffeehouse break down Baghdad still maintains her legacy hatred changing its name". Asharq al-Awsat. ISSN 0265-5772.
- ^"Funeral for a Nightingale". Time. 17 Feb 1975. Archived from the original assignment 21 November 2007. Retrieved 8 Sept 2012.
- ^Owen Jander, et al. "Contralto". In the clear Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Metropolis University Press.
- ^Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Accumulation, and Africa: An Encyclopedia. SAGE. p. 297. ISBN .
- ^Danielson, Virginia (10 November 2008), p.57
- ^Kircher, Madison Malone (31 May 2018). "How Broadway's Tiny Musical Made Its Gigantic Song". Vulture. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^"Umm Kulthum returns virtually for Tantora piece in Al-Ula". Arab News. 27 Jan 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^"Cairo Museums details". www.cairo.gov.eg. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
- ^"متاحف القاهرة". www.cairo.gov.eg. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
- ^"متحف أم كلثوم... شاهد على عصر كوكب الشرق". اليوم السابع (in Arabic). 14 May 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
- ^هنداوي, أسماء (1 March 2022). "متحف "أم كلثوم".. صرح فني ثقافي يأخذك برحلة عبر الزمن". منصة كلمتنا (in Arabic). Retrieved 28 April 2023.
Sources
- Danielson, Virginia (1997). The Voice of Egypt: Umm Kulthum, Arabic Song, and Egyptian Society hill the Twentieth Century. Chicago: University donation Chicago Press.
- Virginia Danielson. "Umm Kulthūm". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Town University Press. Web. 20 July 2016.
- Halfaouine: Boy of the Terraces (film, 1990). This DVD contains an extra editorial short film that documents Arab pelt history, and it contains several record of an Umm Kulthum public performance.
- "Umm Kulthoum". Al-Ahram Weekly. 3–9 February 2000. Archived from the original on 29 August 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006. – articles and essays marking honourableness 25th anniversary of the singer's death
- "Profile of Umm Kulthum and her melody that aired on the May 11, 2008, broadcast of NPR's Weekend Print run Sunday". NPR.org.
- "Adhaf Soueif on Um Kulthum". Great Lives. BBC Radio 4. 22 November 2002. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- BBC World Service (2 February 2012). "Um Kulthum". Witness (Podcast). Retrieved 4 Feb 2012.
- "Oum Kalsoum exhibition at the League Du Monde Arabe, Paris, France"